The European Union (EU), recognized as one of the world's most influential economic and political blocs, has strategically employed sanctions as a tool for advancing its foreign policy objectives. Sanctions, typically viewed as restrictive measures aimed at influencing state and non-state actors, have become central to the EU’s approach to promoting its values and enforcing international norms. The EU has acquired an important role on the global stage in the past two decades and its sanctioning policy is one of the elements that have contributed to this. The institutional capacities of the EU in imposing restrictive measures have developed from loose cooperation in the foreign and security policy sphere to a complex and well-developed mechanism that regulates how the 27 members can reach binding decisions in the security domain within the boundaries of the EU legal framework. However, their effectiveness, legal foundation, and ethical implications are subject to ongoing debate. The Treaty on European Union (TEU) includes restrictive measures as one of the possible tools that can be employed to pursue the goals of the CFSP. The imposition of sanctions falls under the CFSP domain and the process is regulated by Articles 30 and 31 of the TEU. The right to undertake initiatives lies with any member state and with the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who can act also with the support of the European Commission. This research seeks to answer the following key question: "What is the normative legitimacy of EU sanctions, and how are they enforced both domestically and internationally while managing associated legal challenges? " The hypothesis posits that while the EU strives to promote values such as democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, it faces significant challenges in ensuring that its sanctions regime remains both legally sound and effective. The study applies Ian Manners' Normative Power Europe (NPE) theory as a central framework for analyzing the EU's sanctions regime. This research explores how sanctions serve as an instrument for the EU to enforce its normative goals on the international stage. Key issues explored include: 1. The legal basis and compliance of EU sanctions with international law. 2. The alignment of EU sanctions with its normative power identity. 3. The broader implications of EU sanctions on global governance and the EU’s credibility...

Since the advent of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the country has been continuously subject to severe sanctions by the Western countries, especially the United States. In all these years, the U. S. sanctions did not affect Iran’, s economy much, due to the fact that the two countries have no formal relations and as a result, their economies are not, by any means, interdependent. However, Iran’, s economy has been reliant on extensive interactions with the European countries,the EU sanctions against Iran since 2011, therefore, have harshly affected Iran’, s economy and caused adverse social impacts on Iranian lives. In the shadow of Iran’, s dark image in the eyes of the world, one issue that has remained overshadowed by the discussions on the impact and effectiveness of the sanctions, is the severe human rights crises left by the EU sanctions. The key question is what have been the human rights and humanitarian consequences of the EU sanctions for Iran, and how serious have these consequences been for the country? As the author argues in this paper, EU economic sanctions against Iran are considered violations of the three main generations of human rights and are therefore unwarranted. Given this, the resumption of sanctions since 2018 would lead to a human rights disaster in Iran. The effect of these sanctions will not affect the Iranian government, but the Iranian civilians, especially the vulnerable, which will undermine their human dignity.

In last years, one of the main challenges facing the Iranian economy has been economic sanctions. These sanctions have been imposed for various reasons and have been aimed at influencing various economic sectors of Iran. Accordingly, management of the hazard of economic sanctions is one of the most important priorities of policy makers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is classify various types of economic sanctions based on the nature and source of sanctions, and then these sanctions are ranked according to the hazards that affect the Iranian economy. For this purpose, using the fuzzy AHP method and the opinion of experts and experts, the hazards of economic sanctions against Iran are estimated based on two criteria: "imposed costs on economy" and "ability to bypass sanctions". According to the results, United Nations financial-banking sanctions with 56 percent, UN oil sanctions with 21 percent, EU financial-banking sanctions with 15 percent, and EU oil sanctions with the highest hazards of sanctions The Iranian economy. They had a total of more than 78 percent of the total threat of sanctions against Iran. On the other hand, a variety of sanctions imposed by the United States include a total of 15 percent of the hazard of sanctions. As a result, among all the sanctions, the importance of UN / EU financial-banking, and oil sanctions is much more than other sanctions that should be taken into account in the plans and policies adopted.

The study of legal regime of imposition of unilateral economic sanctions can have a vital role in operation of companies being designated as sanctioned entity. One of the powerful and complex regime of economic sanctions are the restrictive measures imposed by European Union. This article studies the theory of piercing the corporate veil as one of the important theories n EU law and the EU applicable laws and regulations in sanctioning entities and corporations. Finally it provides solutions for Iranian oil companies active in EU jurisdiction to structure themselves in a way to reduce the chance of being considered as a sanctioned entity.

With the breaking out of Ukraine crisis, a new chapter opened in relations between the West and Russia. The annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to the Russian Federation prompted severe reactions by Western countries, so that for the first time after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the EU imposed heavy sanctions on this country. This article aims at exploring the impact of sanctions regime on the EU and its effectiveness in regard to the Russian Federation. The main question is about the impact and effectiveness of sanction. In answering these questions, the hypothesis advanced is that sanctions regime has many consequerces for implementing countries and also for the target country. To study these consequences, the impact and effectiveness of sanctions should be distinguished from each other. As for the implementing countries, the impact of sanctions should be addressed, but for the target countries, the important point is the effectiveness of sanctions. Regarding the EU imposed sanctions on Russia, it should be noted that the costs of this policy would be high for both sides and especially for the EU.

Economic sanctions appear to be a common feature of political interactions between states. Economic sanctions have become increasingly important as an alternative to military conflict since the last decade of twentieth century. This paper provides, through a gravity model, an estimation of the impact of economic sanctions on bilateral trade flows between Iran and its major trading partners during 2000– 2011, disaggregated by the choice of the 1– digit sections of the Standard International Trade Classification including zero, two, five, six and seven codes. The results show that extensive and limited sanctions have a significant and negative impact on bilateral trade, except for exports of five and seven codes.

"It is not a wise choice!", this was the reaction of my father when I applied for nuclear medicine residency program 26 years ago. The old retired officer continued that hi-tech nuclear medicine is dependent on multiple advanced sections that may not be easily available especially in the developing countries. Now he is not alive to see that political misconducts have added fuel to the fire...

According to the Political Economy Theory, Economic and political structures can to affect managers, auditors and investors behavior in the face of the financial reporting. One of the best examples of political and macroeconomic actions in recent years is the economic sanctions against Iran. Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange also inevitably have influenced by the pressures of economic sanctions against Iran. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of economic sanctions on the value relevance of financial statements. The data have been analyzed using a sample of 165 listed firms in the Tehran Stock Exchange during from 2001 to 2014 and panel data regression models. The results show that the value relevance of net income and book value of equity reduced in the period of economic sanctions. In addition, the value relevance of financial statements in the Destress firms has affected by economic sanctions more than other companies.